Hamstring Strain/Tear

What is it?

The Hamstrings are situated on the back of the thigh and are made of three muscles, semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris. These muscles work mainly to extend the hip (take the leg backwards) and bend the knee. They generally work in opposition to the muscles on the front of the thigh (quadriceps). Muscles strains are minute tears to the muscle fibres themselves and they can vary in severity from a mild pulled muscle to a significant tear of the muscle belly. Symptoms will vary from a mild discomfort in the back of the thigh to an inability to weight bear through the leg. Mild to severe bruising and difficulty straightening the leg may also be experienced.

Causes

Hamstring muscle sprains and tears are particularly prevalent in sprinters and in sports which involve intermittent sprinting, i.e. football, rugby and hockey. Commonly, the muscle is sprained when it is on a full stretch but is preparing for contraction such as when the stride leg is about to come in connect with the ground. A poor strength relationship with the stronger quadriceps muscles can increase the likelihood of a hamstring injury. This is particularly important for an individual playing kicking sports, as rapid leg extension (straightening) can significantly increase the load through he opposing hamstring. A history of previous hamstring strains especially those which have not been rehabilitated properly can increase the incidence of recurrent injury. Other factors which affect the incidence of hamstring injury are reduced flexibility and increased age.

Treatment

• RICE principles: Rest, Ice and Compression and Elevation should be commenced as soon after the injury as possible

• Early rehabilitation is very important to prevent a build up of scar tissue

• Electrotherapy i.e. interferential and ultrasound therapy to reduce pain and swelling

• Acupuncture to promote normal muscle tone and pain relief

• Progression through an individually tailored exercise programme for a full and speedy recovery

• Advice and sports specific training management to prevent injury recurrence